IoT Sensors - Presence Proximity Sensors

Parking sensors, systems mounted on the bumper of a car or on the side of a car that sense the distance to a nearby car for parking, these systems use electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors

Aviation Safety Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), which displays a graph of two aircraft paths, the lower of which triggers the GPWS (ground proximity warning system)

An automatic faucet that opens its valve to allow water to flow in response to the presence of the user's hand in the vicinity. After a few seconds or when the presence of the user's hand is no longer detected, the faucet closes its valve again

Beverage and food can production lines: During the operation of the line, at a certain point it is necessary to stop or perform other operations that require sensors to sense the position of arrival.

Air defense warfare: Initially, sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during World War I and continued into the 1930s, but were soon replaced by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optoelectronic technology in the 1980s

Conveyor System: A common type of mechanical handling device that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are particularly useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials

Touchscreen: Users can input or control information processing systems through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus or one or more fingers.

Capacitive Sensors

Capacitive sensors are a technology based on capacitive coupling that can detect and measure any dielectric that is electrically conductive or has a dielectric different from air. Many types of sensors use capacitive sensing, including sensors for detecting and measuring proximity, pressure, position and displacement, force, humidity, liquid level, and acceleration. Capacitive sensing-based human-machine interface devices, such as touchpads, can replace computer mice. Digital audio players, cell phones, and tablet computers sometimes use capacitive-sensing touchscreens as input devices. Capacitive sensors can also replace mechanical buttons.

Doppler effect sensor

The Doppler effect is defined as the apparent difference between the frequency at which a sound or light wave leaves a light source and the frequency at which it reaches an observer, caused by the relative motion of the observer and the source. When a listener moves toward a stationary source, the pitch (frequency) of the sound heard is higher than when the listener is stationary. If the listener moves away from the stationary source, a lower pitch is heard.

Inductive Sensors

A device that utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or measure objects. When current flows through an inductor, the inductor generates a magnetic field; or, when the magnetic field through the inductor changes, current will flow through the circuit containing the inductor. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with the magnetic field. Non-metallic substances such as liquids or certain dirt do not interact with magnetic fields, so inductive sensors can operate in wet or dirty conditions.

Magnetic Sensors

Magnetic sensors use GMR (giant magnetoresistive effect) technology. The measuring cell consists of a resistor with several very fine ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers. Two of the GMR resistors are used to form a conventional Wheatstone bridge circuit, which produces a large signal proportional to the magnetic field when a magnetic field is present. A threshold is defined and the output signal is switched by a comparator.

• Detection through plastic, wood and any non-magnetizable metal
• Compact housing with long sensing distance of up to 70 mm
• Cylindrical and rectangular designs meet space-related applications
• High mechanical stability in case of shock or vibration
• Flush or non-flush mounted in non-magnetizable metal

Optical Sensors

A photoelectric sensor is a device that determines the distance, absence, or presence of an object through the use of a light emitter (usually infrared) and a photoelectric receiver. They are primarily used in industrial manufacturing. There are three different useful types: directional (contra-reflective), mirror-reflective, and proximity sensing (diffuse), which can have a sensing range of up to 10 meters. The main part of an optical sensor is the light source, which can be an LED and a detector. Optical proximity sensors can detect materials such as solids, liquids, powders and opaque.

radar (loanword)

RadarRadio detection and ranging); is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), angle and radial velocity of an object relative to a site. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter that generates electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwave domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (usually the same antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving), and a receiver and processor for determining the properties of an object. Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, providing information about the object's position and velocity

One example is LIDAR, which primarily uses infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves. With the advent of driverless vehicles, radar is expected to assist automated platforms in monitoring their environments, thereby preventing accidents

Hall Proximity Sensors

A Hall effect sensor (or simply Hall sensor) is a sensor that uses the Hall effect to detect the presence and magnitude of a magnetic field. The output voltage of a Hall sensor is proportional to the field strength. It is named after the American physicist Edwin Hall.

Hall sensors are used in proximity sensing, localization, speed detection and current detection applications. Often, Hall sensors are used as binary switches in combination with threshold detection. Commonly used in industrial applications, such as the cylinder pictured here, they are also used in consumer devices; for example, some computer printers use them to detect lost paper and open lids, and some 3D printers use them to measure filament thickness.

Ultrasonic Position Sensors

Ultrasonic transducers and ultrasonic sensors are devices that generate or sense ultrasonic energy. They can be divided into three main categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert electrical signals into ultrasonic waves, receivers convert ultrasonic waves into electrical signals, and transceivers can send and receive ultrasonic waves

Ultrasound has several advantages over other medical imaging modalities. It provides images in real time and is portable. It costs significantly less than other imaging strategies and does not use harmful ionizing radiation