Internet of Things Architecture Model

summarize

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gone from unknown to well-known, and our life around us now can not be separated from the IoT. 10 years ago, in the company's internal communication meeting, one of our company's doctors mentioned the name M2M to me for the first time, and we were shocked and impressed by this industry at that time. At that time, I was impressed by this industry. We set up an IoT business unit to follow up and learn about this industry.

The IoT was first mentioned in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in a presentation to Procter & Gamble (P&G). The IoT evolved from M2M communications, where machines are connected to each other over a network without the need for human interaction.M2M is about connecting devices to the cloud, managing them and collecting data. Taking M2M to the next level, the IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation, M2M provides the connectivity to support the IoT

In short, IoT is the concept of connecting any device (as long as it has an on/off switch) to the Internet and other connected devices. The IoT is a vast network of connected things and people, all of which collect and share data about how they are used and about their surroundings. With the popularization and development of IoT technology, people are getting more and more benefits from it, companies are rethinking the logic and way of dealing with things to start the road of digital transformation, consumers are gradually developing the habit of using IoT, and their dependence on it is getting stronger and stronger in the scenes of work, life, and learning, which leads to the reduction of resource wastage, time saving, and gradual improvement of the quality of life.

Significance of the architectural model

However, the field and scope involved in IoT is too wide, due to the fact that there is also no internationally compatible standard for IoT, and due to the richness and colorfulness of IoT scenarios, there is no one technology or standard that can cover all scenarios, and each standard has its own special scenarios and scope of application, for example, 6LoWPAN (low-power wireless personal local area network) is used for home automation,LoRaWANfor smart cities,ZigBee(IEEE) 802.15.4 standard for industrial environments, LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system for wireless sensor networks.

Because the IoT is a combination of many different functions, in order for the whole function to work adequately and efficiently, there needs to be a sustainable IoT ecosystem, which needs to contain four building blocks: functionality, scalability, availability, and maintainability, and scalability in particular is very critical because the system needs to be able to grow with the needs of the organization or project. Although there is no single standard, in order for the Physical Web to effectively continue to grow in a healthy manner, there needs to be an overall framework system that everyone can work together on, so that openers can follow the same model when designing products for openness, similar to theISO International Organization for Standardization(used form a nominal expression)OSI reference modelThe first step is to have everyone develop their own products according to a common vision.

There are three and four tier IoT architectures, with the complexity and number of architectural tiers varying depending on the particular business task at hand. The four-tier architecture is the standard and most widely accepted format.three layer architecture (OSI)It refers to: application layer, transmission layer, perception layer; four layers on the basis of three layers, the application layer is split into: application layer (application software for various scenarios), processing layer (edge computing, machine learning and algorithms), transmission layer (Internet gateway), perception layer (various sensors and terminal products).

IoT four-layer model

perceptual layer

The most fundamental aspect of any IoT system is the various types ofSensors & ActuatorsUsed to sense information about the physical world, IoT implementations wouldn't make any sense without the presence of these most basic devices. These can be wireless sensors, which react to the environment and make the collected data available for analysis, or they can be actuators or relays and switches, as they are able to interact with the environment in significant ways. For example, they could be used to turn off valves when water reaches a certain level, or simply turn off lights when the sun rises.

Transport layer (network layer)

The transport layer provides data throughout an application'sconnectorrespond in singingcorrespond (by letter etc)This layer contains the data acquisition system and the gateway. This layer contains the data acquisition system and the gateway. The data acquisition performs data aggregation and conversion functions (collecting and aggregating data from sensors, then converting analog data to digital data, etc.), and the IoT gateway connects the smart devices to the networked devices for the transmission of data.

process level

Pre-processing and enhanced data analytics, Edge IT systems play a critical role in taking the pressure off core IT infrastructure given the large amount of data collected by IoT systems and the bandwidth requirements that come with it. Edge IT systems use machine learning and visualization techniques to generate key metrics from collected data, with machine learning algorithms providing the basis for analyzing and executing on the data, and visualization techniques presenting the data in an easy-to-understand manner.

application layer (computing)

The application layer is the layer where the user interacts with the IoT device, and it is responsible for providing application-specific services to the user, which can be a smart home operation where the user clicks a button or speaks to make the curtains open or close; or it can be a smart parking when it is time to make the parking landing gear lowered; or in the case of thecloud warehouseThe buttons carried out in the work for the inventory.

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