[IoT Communication Technology] - Cellular Communication

summarize

We talked aboutInternet of Things (IoT) communicationsOne technology that cannot be bypassed is cellular technology, we are forming contact with cellular networks every moment of every day and cellular networks have become a part of our lives. Cellular network is a mobile communication architecture, from the transmission of data is divided into analog cellular and digital cellular, when we make calls, send messages and video exchanges through the cell phone, the phone is connected wirelessly to a nearby cellular base station, the base station through a limited way to connect with other base stations or the Internet.

The first reason why cellular IoT has become a major IoT technology is that cellular networks are widely available, covering more than 90% of the world's population; secondly, operators have made massive investments in cellular networks in order to provide secure and reliable services to as many customers as possible. By leveraging existing infrastructure and proven technologies, cellular IoT can connect millions of IoT devices with very little additional investment; and thirdly, with cellular IoT, my smartphone can connect to a base station tens of kilometers away, and so can IoT devices.

Development History

1G First-generation cellular mobile communications technology

In the 1970s, the Mobile Phone Service System, or AMPS, was first developed by Bell Labs in the U.S. This was the first time that people were able to actually use larger capacity cellular mobile communications with the ability to communicate at any time. Cellular phones started in the 1980s with 1G technology. 1G is the first generation of wireless cellular technology. 1G supports pure voice calls and is an analog technology, which has poor battery life, poor voice quality, poor security, and is prone to dropping out of the line. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) is one of the main technologies in data communication, which is the placement of mobile users in time intervals. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) is one of the main techniques in data communication, which means that mobile users are placed in channels with the same time interval but different frequencies.

1G technology with a maximum speed of 2.4 Kbps

2G Second-generation cellular mobile communications technology

The first major upgrade from 1G to 2G occurred when cellular phones were upgraded to provide mobile users with appropriate voice services as well as data services over the GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) mobile communications network, which operates between the 900/1800 MHz frequency bands. 2G telephony technology introduced encryption of calls and texts, as well as data services such as SMS and MMS. 2G telephony technology introduced call and text encryption, as well as data services such as SMS, picture messaging and MMS. Although 2G replaced 1G and was superseded by later versions of the technology, it is still in use worldwide.

Maximum speed of 50 Kbps for 2G using GPRS-General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Maximum theoretical speed of 384 Kbps with Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) EDGE+ up to 1.3 Mbps

Little was known about the interim standards of 2.5G and 2.75G before the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks. 2.5G introduced a new packet-switching technology that was more efficient than 2G technology. 2.5G introduced a new packet-switching technology that was more efficient than 2G. 2.5G introduced a new packet-switching technology that was more efficient than 2G technology. ) Supports 2.75G GSM networks.

3G Third-generation cellular mobile communications technology

The introduction of 3G networks in 1998 brought faster data transfer speeds so you could use your cell phone for more data-demanding ways, such as video calling and mobile Internet access. The term "mobile broadband" was first applied to 3G cellular technology. A third-generation mobile communications system that utilizes broadband CDMA technology and provides mobile users with both voice and data services.

The first generation of cellular communications used FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology, which means that different mobile stations occupy different frequencies. The second generation of cellular communication uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), which means that different mobile stations occupy the same frequency, but occupy slightly different time periods. The third generation of cellular communication uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), which means that different mobile stations occupy the same frequency, but each mobile station has a different random code sequence, so the number of mobile stations served by the same frequency is determined by the number of random codes. Broadband CDMA has superior performance, with a wider operating bandwidth, greater resistance to signal interference, and improved signal transmission.

Maximum 3G speeds are approximately 2 Mbps for non-mobile devices and 384 Kbps for mobile vehicles.

4G Third-generation cellular mobile communications technology

The fourth generation network released in 2008 is 4G, which supports mobile network access like 3G, as well as gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D TV, and other features that require high speeds. 4G innovates on the basis of the previous three generations of communication technologies to enhance the service functions of wireless communications and Internet access speeds. 4G technology is divided into two categories, one is TD-LTE (Time Division Long Term Evolution) and the other is FDD-LTE (Frequency Division Duplexing Long Term Evolution). 4G technology is divided into two categories, one is TD-LTE (Time Division Long Term Evolution) and the other is FDD-LTE (Frequency Division Duplexing Long Term Evolution). Among them, TD-LTE refers to 3G technology that improves and enhances the air access technology, using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology standard as well as multi-input and multi-output technology standard.

Maximum speed of 100 Mbps on the 4G network when the device is moving. 1 Gbps for low-mobility traffic, such as when the caller is stationary or walking.

5G Fifth-generation cellular mobile communications technology

5G promises significantly faster data rates, higher connection densities, lower latency and energy savings, among other improvements.

Expected theoretical speeds for 5G connections are up to 20 Gbps.

Characteristics of 5G communications

• 5G is faster than 4G speeds, with peak 5G download speeds of 20 Gbps; compared to 1G Gbps for 4G; 5G is 20 times faster than 4G.
• 5G supports huge amounts of fast data capacity and uses unique radio frequencies to achieve features not possible with 4G networks, which use frequencies below 6 GHz, while some 5G networks use higher frequencies, such as around 30 GHz or more.
• 5G has better interference and can be used next to other wireless signals without causing interference due to the directionality of high frequency signals as well
• 5G can support more than 1,000 more devices per meter than 4G, 5G uses shorter wavelengths, and antennas can be much smaller than existing antennas while still providing precise directional control.
• Because more directional antennas can be used at a single base station, 5G networks can broadcast ultra-fast data to more users with high accuracy and low latency.
• 5G transmissions won't go as far as 4G, due to the fact that UHF frequencies only work when there's a clear, direct line of sight between the antenna and the device receiving the signal, in addition to the fact that some of these high frequencies are easily absorbed by humidity, rain and other objects. It's for these reasons that a strong 5G connection at your location may be reduced to 4G speeds when you walk a few meters away. One way around this problem is to use strategically placed antennas, either small ones in buildings or large ones throughout the city.
• Newer networks like 5G can more easily understand the type of data being requested and can switch to low-power modes when not in use or when providing low rates to specific devices, and then to higher- powered modes for HD video streaming and more, and 5G is 90% more energy efficient than older networks like 4G.

About 3GPP

3GPP（The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (TGPP), the world's largest and most important international communications standards organization, brings together seven telecommunication standards development organizations known as "organizational partners".ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses Japan),ATIS (The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions),CCSA (China Communications Standards Association),ETSI (The European Telecommunications Standards Institute),TSDSI (Telecommunications Standards Development Society of India),TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association, Korea),TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee Japan)It has been instrumental in the development and commercialization of standards for cellular mobile communications technology by providing a stable environment for its members to produce reports and specifications defining 3GPP technology.

Established in 1998 with an initial scope for evolutionary GSM-based core networks and their supporting radio access technologies (i.e., Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes), the scope was subsequently modified to include the maintenance and development of technical specifications and technical reports for evolutionary 3GPP technologies beyond 3G.

The three technical specification groups in 3GPP are:

• Radio Access Networks (RAN).
• Services & Systems Aspects-SA.
• Core Network & Terminals-CT

Since its inception, 3GPP has released several releases, the main focus of all 3GPP releases has been to make the system as backward and forward compatible as possible to ensure uninterrupted operation of the user's equipment, the latest being Release 18, with an official 5G-Advanced logo for use in 3GPP reports and specifications starting with Release-18.

5G cellular mobile application scenarios

groundHuawei White Paper on Application Scenarios in the 5G EraAs cellular mobile communications continue to evolve, there are many future opportunities for the 5G industry that cannot be implemented today.

• Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are transformative technologies that can revolutionize traditional human-computer interaction content
• Telematics, remote driving, formation driving, autonomous driving can only be met in the field with 5G
• Intelligent manufacturing, wireless robot cloud control makes production leaner, smarter, more digital and production flexible
• Smart energy, integrating renewable energy sources into the energy grid to improve reliability and reduce O&M costs
• Telemedicine, remote diagnosis, remote surgery, remote monitoring are guaranteed with the technology of 5G
• Wireless home entertainment, Ultra HD 8K video and cloud gaming in high quality with 5G technology
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Shining in Professional Inspection and Security
• Social networking, thanks to 5G's bandwidth and low latency, allows the live video industry to grow even faster
• Personal AI Assistive Devices Can Provide Faceted Information Services to Manufacturing and Warehouse Personnel
• Smart city, video surveillance and a variety of sensory information in a timely manner to ease traffic congestion and community safety protection